Dog teeth hygiene plays a crucial role in the overall health of the dog. Generally, when thinking about the health of our dog, we think about food, exercise, and vaccines, but a crucial aspect we often neglect is dental hygiene. Like humans, dogs are susceptible to various dental conditions that can impact not only their mouths but also their entire bodies. Good oral health isn’t just about having fresh breath and white teeth; it’s about avoiding, pain, infection, and long-term health consequences.
Table of Contents
The Importance of Dental Hygiene in Dogs-
10 Reasons why dental hygiene is important for dogs-
1.Prevents Painful Dental Disease
Having a regular oral hygiene routine helps prevent conditions such as gingivitis, periodontal disease and tooth abscesses which can lead to a great deal of pain for your dog.
2.Improves overall health
Having poor oral health can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream. From there, they can make their way to the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys, causing serious health problems. Establishing proper dental hygiene routines can help protect these vital organ systems.
3.Reduces Foul Breath (Halitosis)
Brushing and cleaning reduce plaque and also reduce bacteria, which helps eliminate horrible odors – much nicer for you and your dog.
4.Increases lifespan
Having healthy teeth makes a healthy body. The best way we know to help dogs avoid serious infections is by having a clean mouth, which ultimately should help them live longer.
5.Prevents eventual tooth loss
Healthy gums and bone structure keeps teeth in place for life – which leads to chewing and eating easier for dogs, and limits being toothless.
6.Prevents costly vet expenses
Preventive grooming is much less expensive than advanced teeth cleaning, tooth extractions, root canals or surgery, especially if done under anesthesia.
7.Improves Nutritional Intake
Having healthy teeth helps dogs chew their food better, which helps with digestion, and maximizes the nutritional value of their food.
8.Finds health issues before it’s too late
Dog oral health check-ups regularly can also act as a sick-check-up for early notifications of other problems such as oral tumors, immune disorders or systemic infections.
9.Improves Quality of Life
Dogs with dental pain are much less active, playful, and social and are less able to enjoy daily activities and experiences with their humans
10.Contributes to Human-Canine Bonding
Having a clean mouth makes for easier and more enjoyable close contact. It will be easier to cuddle and play with your dog when they don’t have halitosis or discomfort evident in their behavior.
Dog Teeth Structure: Types and Functions
| Type of Tooth | Number (Adult Dog) | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incisors | 12 (6 upper, 6 lower) | Front of the mouth | Grasping, nibbling, and grooming |
| Canines (Cuspids) | 4 (2 upper, 2 lower) | Just behind incisors (corners) | Tearing meat, holding prey, defense |
| Premolars | 16 (8 upper, 8 lower) | Behind canines on both sides | Shearing and slicing food into smaller pieces |
| Molars | 10 (4 upper, 6 lower) | Rear of the mouth | Grinding and crushing hard materials like bones and kibble |
Total Permanent Teeth in Adult Dogs: 42
- 12 Incisors
- 4 Canines
- 16 Premolars
- 10 Molars
Dog Age Estimation by Dentition-
Dental Structure of Dogs: Puppy, Growing & Adult Phases
| Age | Dentition Stage | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2–3 weeks | Deciduous (baby) incisors erupt | First baby teeth begin to appear |
| 3–4 weeks | Deciduous canines erupt | Small pointed baby canines come in |
| 4–6 weeks | Deciduous premolars erupt | Baby premolars start appearing |
| 6–8 weeks | All baby teeth present (28 total) | Complete set of deciduous teeth; sharp and white |
| 12–16 weeks | Permanent incisors begin erupting | Front teeth start being replaced by permanent ones |
| 4–6 months | Canines, premolars, and molars erupt | Most permanent teeth are erupting |
| 6–7 months | Full set of permanent teeth (42 total) | Adult teeth fully erupted, clean and white |
| 1 year | Slight wear on incisors | Teeth still clean; slight tartar on molars may be visible |
| 2–3 years | Mild tartar buildup, some wear | Incisors show more wear; tartar begins to accumulate |
| 3–5 years | Moderate tartar, wear on all teeth | Yellowing visible, gum line may recede slightly |
| 5–10 years | Heavy tartar, worn teeth, possible gum disease | More significant wear, tooth loss or decay may be evident |
| 10+ years | Severe wear, missing teeth, periodontal disease common | Teeth may be broken, loose, or missing; breath often foul |
Note: Age estimation by dentition is most accurate in puppies. In older dogs, factors like diet, chewing habits, and dental care can affect tooth wear and may mislead age estimates.
Additional Points To Remember-
Puppies do not possess any baby teeth molars.
Puppies have a set number of 28 baby or deciduous teeth, where those will start to emerge around 3-6 months of age.
Puppy teething may slightly change chewing behavior and may possibly create sore gums during the transitional phase.
Adult dogs need regular dental care to be free from tartar, buildup and gum disease. However, there may be slight differences in size of jaw and spacing of teeth in different breeds, especially brachycephalic (short nosed) breeds.
Why Puppy try to Eat, Cut and Tear all objects at home-
During the transitional stage between three and seven months of age, puppies experience a normal process wherein their baby teeth will shed and be replaced by the adult teeth. This transition can result in some changes in their mouth that contribute to chewing and gum discomfort.
1. Pressure and irritation
As adult teeth develop and begin to penetrate through their gums the pressure and inflammation in their mouth creates sore and itchy gums, similar to human teething.
2. Instinct to alleviate discomfort
Chewing allows the puppies to relieve pressure on their gums. Puppies are instinctively preconditioned to chew on items- furniture, shoes, toys, even your fingers- to alleviate irritation and to help with loosening baby teeth.
3. Baby teeth are loosening
As baby teeth’s roots progressively dissolve and loosen, they may wiggle around or be uncomfortable. Chewing is a way for them to effectively dislodge their baby teeth, that creates the space for their adult teeth to develop.
4. Exploratory behaviors
Puppies also use their mouths to explore the world around them; teething adds to their exploratory urges and thus they will chew more during this time, driven by curiosity.
5.Swollen or bleeding gums
While it is normal for puppies to exhibit mild redness or swelling or slight bleeding of the gums during the teething process. Prolonged chewing result in sore, swollen and bleeding gums, thus resulting in further chewing.
Birth abnormalities of teeth in dog-
Birth abnormalities (congenital anomalies) of teeth in dogs, including their features and details:
| Abnormality | Description | Commonly Affected Breeds | Clinical Signs | Diagnosis | Treatment/Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anodontia | Complete absence of teeth | Very rare; more likely in certain lines | Absence of deciduous and/or permanent teeth | Oral exam, dental radiographs | No treatment required if asymptomatic; monitor nutrition |
| Oligodontia | Fewer than normal number of teeth | Dachshund, Poodle, some mixed breeds | Missing multiple teeth | Oral exam, radiographs | None if functional; dental monitoring |
| Hypodontia | Absence of a few teeth (commonly premolars) | Boxer, Poodle, Doberman | Missing one or a few teeth | Clinical exam, dental X-ray | Usually no treatment needed unless affecting bite |
| Hyperdontia (Supernumerary teeth) | Presence of extra teeth | Boxer, Golden Retriever, Bulldog | Crowding, abnormal occlusion, retained deciduous teeth | Visual and radiographic exam | Extraction if interfering with normal occlusion |
| Persistent Deciduous Teeth | Baby teeth fail to fall out when permanent ones erupt | Toy breeds (Yorkie, Chihuahua, Pomeranian) | Double rows of teeth, malocclusion, tartar accumulation | Clinical exam, dental X-ray | Extraction to prevent malocclusion or periodontal disease |
| Malformed Teeth (Dilaceration, Peg-shaped teeth) | Abnormal shape due to disturbance during development | Any breed | Crooked or deformed teeth, food retention, aesthetic issues | Dental radiographs | Extraction or reshaping depending on severity |
| Enamel Hypoplasia | Defective enamel formation leading to pitted, thin enamel | Can occur after fever in puppies | Discolored, rough, or fragile enamel; increased plaque accumulation | Visual inspection, dental X-ray | Preventive dental care, restoration, fluoride treatment |
| Malocclusion (Class I-IV) | Improper alignment of upper and lower jaws | Brachycephalic breeds (Bulldogs, Pugs), Collies | Difficulty chewing, trauma to palate or tongue | Dental exam, skull X-ray or CT | Orthodontic correction, tooth extraction, selective grinding |
| Fused Teeth | Two teeth joined at dentin level with separate pulp chambers | Rare | Abnormal tooth shape | Radiographs | No treatment unless interfering with function |
| Gemination | One tooth bud partially divides, forming a large tooth with bifid crown | Rare | Enlarged or double tooth | Radiographs | May need reshaping or extraction |
| Embedded/Impacted Teeth | Teeth that fail to erupt due to obstruction or abnormal position | Brachycephalic and toy breeds | Missing teeth on visual exam; may cause cysts or tumors | Dental radiographs, oral surgery exam | Surgical extraction to prevent complications |
Teeth Deformities In Dog Due To Disease Condition-
Tooth Abnormalities in Dogs Due to Disease Conditions
| Condition | Cause | Clinical Features | Diagnosis | Treatment/Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tooth Fractures | Trauma (chewing hard objects, accidents) | Broken or chipped teeth, bleeding, pain, reluctance to eat | Oral exam, dental radiographs | Root canal therapy or extraction depending on pulp exposure |
| Pulpitis in dog teeth | Bacterial invasion of the pulp due to fracture or caries | Discoloration, pain, swelling, fistulas | Radiographs, pulp testing | Root canal or extraction |
| Tooth Resorption | Unknown; possibly immune-mediated or idiopathic | Resorbed roots/crowns, tooth loss, gingival inflammation | Intraoral radiographs | Extraction of affected teeth |
| Caries (Cavities) | Bacterial infection (rare in dogs) | Dark pits in teeth, pain, food impaction | Oral exam, dental probing, radiographs | Removal of decay and restoration; extraction if severe |
| Periodontal Disease | Plaque buildup → bacterial infection of gums and tooth-support tissue | Bad breath, loose teeth, gum recession, pain | Periodontal probing, X-rays | Professional cleaning, antibiotics, extraction of severely affected teeth |
| Enamel Hypoplasia (Acquired) | High fever, infection (e.g., distemper), trauma during development | Pitted, discolored, weak enamel; sensitivity | Visual exam, history | Fluoride treatments, bonding, restorative fillings |
| Malocclusion (Acquired) | Trauma, premature tooth loss, jaw fractures | Misalignment, difficulty chewing, tooth trauma | Clinical exam, dental X-rays | Orthodontics, selective extraction, grinding or crown modification |
| Periapical Abscess | Untreated pulpitis or infection at tooth root | Swelling, fistula near jawline, pain, fever | Radiographs showing lucency around root | Root canal or extraction, antibiotics |
| Retained Roots | Incomplete extraction or trauma | Inflammation, infection, swelling, non-healing socket | Radiographic confirmation | Surgical removal of retained root fragment |
| Jaw Cysts (related to dog teeth) | Impacted teeth or trauma | Swelling, displacement of teeth, bone destruction | Radiographs, CT scan | Surgical removal of cyst and affected tooth |
Hereditary Teeth Abnormalities in Dogs and Predisposed Breeds-
| Abnormality | Description | Predisposed Breeds | Clinical Features | Management/Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypodontia/Oligodontia | Congenital absence of one or more teeth | Boxer, Doberman, Poodle, Dachshund | Missing premolars or incisors, may affect bite | Usually none; dental checkups to monitor occlusion |
| Persistent Deciduous Teeth | Baby dog teeth fail to shed when permanent teeth erupt | Toy breeds (Yorkie, Chihuahua, Maltese, Pomeranian) | Double rows of teeth, crowding, malocclusion | Extraction of retained teeth to prevent misalignment |
| Malocclusion (Class I–IV) | Improper jaw alignment (skeletal or dental malocclusion) | Brachycephalic (Bulldog, Pug), Collie, Sheltie | Overbite, underbite, wry bite, difficulty eating | Orthodontic correction, extraction, or reshaping if severe |
| Enamel Hypoplasia (Hereditary) | Defective enamel development due to genetic cause | Standard Poodle, Samoyed, Siberian Husky | Rough, thin enamel, discolored teeth, sensitivity | Fluoride treatment, restorative procedures |
| Tooth Size/Shape Abnormalities | Abnormal shape (peg teeth, fused teeth, gemination) | Rare; reported in various breeds | Irregular, double, or unusually shaped teeth | Monitoring; extraction or reshaping if interfering with function |
| Tooth Resorption (Possible Genetic Link) | Progressive destruction of tooth structure (may have hereditary component) | Persian cats primarily, but reported in dogs like Labradors | Pain, tooth loss, inflammation, gingival overgrowth | Extraction of affected teeth |
| Supernumerary Teeth | Extra teeth beyond the normal number | Golden Retriever, Bulldog, Rottweiler, Dachshund | Crowding, abnormal alignment, retained deciduous teeth | Extraction if causing malocclusion or periodontal issues |
| Delayed Eruption | Permanent teeth erupt later than normal | Brachycephalic and toy breeds | Missing teeth at expected age, abnormal eruption pattern | Monitoring; may need surgical exposure or extract |
Methods to keep dog teeth clean at home-
| Method | Description | Frequency | Tips |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Brushing Teeth | Use a dog-specific toothbrush and enzymatic toothpaste to clean the teeth | Ideally daily (min. 2–3x/week) | Start slowly; never use human toothpaste (toxic to dogs) |
| 2. Dental Chews | Specially designed treats that help scrape plaque and tartar as the dog chews | A few times a week | Choose vet-approved products (VOHC seal recommended) |
| 3. Dental Toys | Rubber or nylon toys designed to clean teeth while playing | Daily or regularly | Ensure toys are safe, durable, and not too hard |
| 4. Raw Bones (under supervision) | Raw (not cooked) bones can help clean teeth naturally | Occasionally (1–2x/week) | Avoid cooked bones; monitor to prevent fractures or choking |
| 5. Dental Wipes | Wipes designed to remove plaque from tooth surfaces | Daily or several times/week | Easier than brushing for dogs that resist toothbrushes |
| 6. Water Additives | Additives mixed with drinking water to help reduce oral bacteria and plaque | Daily | Choose products recommended by veterinarians |
| 7. Healthy Diet | Feeding kibble or dental diets can help reduce plaque buildup | Always | Avoid sugary treats and table scraps |
| 8. Regular Mouth Checks | Examining your dog’s mouth for signs of bad breath, redness, or tartar buildup | Weekly | Early detection of dental issues can prevent severe problems |
Signs Your Dog Needs Professional Dental Cleaning
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Yellow/brown tartar on teeth
- Red or bleeding gums
- Loose or missing teeth
- Difficulty eating or chewing
How to Care for an Older Dog’s Teeth-
| Care Method | Details | Why It’s Important |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Regular Dental Check-ups | Visit the vet for dental exams every 6–12 months | Early detection of gum disease, infections, or loose teeth |
| 2. Gentle Brushing at Home | Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and dog-safe toothpaste; brush gently | Helps reduce plaque and tartar buildup |
| 3. Dental Cleaning (if needed) | Professional cleaning under anesthesia may be necessary if there’s tartar or infection | Thoroughly removes plaque below the gumline |
| 4. Use of Dental Wipes | Wipes are a good alternative if brushing is difficult | Easier for sensitive or reluctant senior dogs |
| 5. Soft Dental Chews & Toys | Choose softer dental chews to avoid damaging fragile teeth | Keeps teeth clean without causing pain or breakage |
| 6. Pain Management | If your dog has dental pain, talk to your vet about pain relief options | Helps improve appetite and comfort |
| 7. Modify Diet if Needed | Switch to soft or wet food if chewing hard kibble is difficult | Prevents discomfort and ensures proper nutrition |
| 8. Monitor for Warning Signs | Watch for bad breath, drooling, pawing at mouth, reduced appetite, or bleeding | Indicates possible dental disease or infection |
| 9. Use Water Additives | Add dental health additives to your dog’s water bowl | Helps reduce oral bacteria and freshen breath |
| 10. Avoid Hard Chews | Don’t give hard bones, antlers, or ice | Prevents tooth fractures, especially in older, weaker teeth |
Signs of Dental Problems in Senior Dogs
- Bad breath
- Red or bleeding gums
- Loose or missing teeth
- Dropping food while eating
- Reluctance to eat or chew
- Swelling around mouth or jaw
Most Frequently Asked Questions-
Top 15 Dog Dental Health FAQs
- How often should I brush my dog’s teeth?
Ideally, the goal is to brush every day, but brushing 2–3 times a week will greatly reduce plaque buildup. - Can I use human toothpaste for my dog?
No. Many human toothpaste has ingredients such as xylitol that are harmful to a dog. Remember to always use toothpaste specifically for pets. - What are signs of dental problems in dogs?
Common signs of dental issues include bad breath, red or bleeding gums, difficulty chewing, or loose teeth. - Do dogs get cavities like humans?
Dogs can get cavities, but the bigger problem is often periodontal disease from plaque and tartar buildup. - When should my dog have a professional dental cleaning?
Most dogs should get a dental cleaning at least every year, but some may need them more frequently due to their individual needs. - Is anesthesia necessary for dental cleanings?
Yes, with anesthesia, a clean can be more thorough and safer. The dental hygienist can effectively scale under the gumline with your dog asleep. - Are dental chews effective?
Dental chews can be a fairly effective way to help reduce plaque and tartar, especially the ones that are accepted/report to the Veterinary Oral Health Committee (VOHC). - What causes bad breath in dogs?
Bad breath can be mainly attributed to dental disease but could also indicate other issues such as kidney disease. - Can dental disease affect my dog’s overall health?
Yes, there are bacteria that can get into the bloodstream from dental infection and can affect the heart, liver, and/or kidneys. - At what age should I start brushing my dog’s teeth?
Start dental care as early as possible for your dog, ideally as a puppy, so there is a routine. - What should I do if my dog has a broken tooth?
You should contact your veterinarian without delay; treatment could entail an extraction, however, there are other options if extraction is not advised. - Are there alternatives if my dog resists tooth brushing?
Yes, there are dental wipes, water additives will provide dental benefits in some amount, even dental kibble has mechanical components in the chewing process to help lower plaque levels. - How can diet influence my dog’s dental health?
Some dental kibble/ diets have additives that create mechanical breakdown during the chewing to assist in lowering plaque and tartar. - Is it normal for dogs to lose teeth as they age?
Some tooth loss can certainly happen with age, but it usually leads to other forms of dental disease that can be seen by the veterinarian. - Can I estimate my dog’s age by looking at their teeth?
In some cases yes, especially if considering wear and tartar accumulation as an aging mechanism, but it is not always consistent.- To know more regarding food toxicity please read our blog post FOODS TOXICITY IN DOGS –KNOW ALL A TO Z HIDDEN POISONS.